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Trail: 2D Graphics
Lesson: Displaying Graphics with Graphics2D

## Transforming Shapes, Text, and Images

> You can modify the transform attribute in the `Graphics2D` context to move, rotate, scale, and shear graphics primitives when they are rendered. The transform attribute is defined by an instance of `AffineTransform`. (An affine transform is a transformation such as translate, rotate, scale, or shear in which parallel lines remain parallel even after being transformed.)

> `Graphics2D` provides several methods for changing the transform attribute. You can construct a new `AffineTransform` and change the `Graphics2D` transform attribute by calling `transform`.

> `AffineTransform` defines the following factory methods to make it easier to construct new transforms:

> - `getRotateInstance`
> - `getScaleInstance`
> - `getShearInstance`
> - `getTranslateInstance`

> Alternatively you can use one of the `Graphics2D` transformation methods to modify the current transform. When you call one of these convenience methods, the resulting transform is concatenated with the current transform and is applied during rendering:

> - `rotate`--to specify an angle of rotation in radians
> - `scale`--to specify a scaling factor in the x and y directions
> - `shear`--to specify a shearing factor in the x and y directions
> - `translate`--to specify a translation offset in the x and y directions

> You can also construct an `AffineTransform` directly and concatenate it with the current transform by calling the `transform` method.

> The `drawImage` method is also overloaded to allow you to specify an `AffineTransform` that is applied to the image as it is rendered. Specifying a transform when you call `drawImage` does not affect the `Graphics2D` transform attribute.

### Example: Transform

> The following program is the same as `StrokeandFill`, but also allows the user to choose a transformation to apply to the selected object when it is rendered.

> This is a picture of the applet's GUI. To run the applet, click the picture. The applet will appear in a new browser window.

> `Transform.java` contains the complete code for this applet.

> When a transform is chosen from the Transform menu, the transform is concatenated onto the `AffineTransform` `at`:

> >     public void setTrans(int transIndex) {
> >         // Sets the AffineTransform.
> >         switch ( transIndex ) {
> >         case 0 : at.setToIdentity();
> >                  at.translate(w/2, h/2); break;
> >         case 1 : at.rotate(Math.toRadians(45)); break;
> >         case 2 : at.scale(0.5, 0.5); break;
> >         case 3 : at.shear(0.5, 0.0); break;
> >         }
> >     }

> Before displaying the shape corresponding to the menu choices, the application first retrieves the current transform from the `Graphics2D` object:

> >     AffineTransform saveXform = g2.getTransform();

> This transform will be restored to the `Graphics2D` after rendering.

> After retrieving the current transform, another `AffineTransform`, `toCenterAt`, is created that causes shapes to be rendered in the center of the panel. The `at` `AffineTransform` is concatenated onto `toCenterAt`:

> >     AffineTransform toCenterAt = new AffineTransform();
> >     toCenterAt.concatenate(at);
> >     toCenterAt.translate(-(r.width/2), -(r.height/2));

> The `toCenterAt` transform is concatenated onto the `Graphics2D` transform with the `transform` method:

> >     g2.transform(toCenterAt);

> After rendering is completed, the original transform is restored using the `setTransform` method:

> >     g2.setTransform(saveXform);

> > Note: Never use `setTransform` to concatenate a coordinate transform onto an existing transform. The `setTransform` method overwrites the `Graphics2D` object's current transform, which might be needed for other reasons, such as positioning Swing and lightweight components in a window. Use these steps to perform transformations:
> > 1. Use `getTransform` to get the current transform.
> > 2. Use `transform`, `translate`, `scale`, `shear`, or `rotate` to concatenate a transform.
> > 3. Perform the rendering.
> > 4. Restore the original transform using `setTransform`.

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