/*
 * @(#)Proxy.java	1.9 01/12/03
 *
 * Copyright 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
 * SUN PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 */

package java.lang.reflect;

import java.lang.ref.*;
import java.util.*;

import sun.misc.ProxyGenerator;

/**
 * <code>Proxy</code> provides static methods for creating dynamic proxy
 * classes and instances, and it is also the superclass of all
 * dynamic proxy classes created by those methods.
 *
 * <p>To create a proxy for some interface <code>Foo</code>:
 * <pre>
 *     InvocationHandler handler = new MyInvocationHandler(...);
 *     Class proxyClass = Proxy.getProxyClass(
 *         Foo.class.getClassLoader(), new Class[] { Foo.class });
 *     Foo f = (Foo) proxyClass.
 *         getConstructor(new Class[] { InvocationHandler.class }).
 *         newInstance(new Object[] { handler });
 * </pre>
 * or more simply:
 * <pre>
 *     Foo f = (Foo) Proxy.newProxyInstance(Foo.class.getClassLoader(),
 *                                          new Class[] { Foo.class },
 *                                          handler);
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p>A <i>dynamic proxy class</i> (simply referred to as a <i>proxy
 * class</i> below) is a class that implements a list of interfaces
 * specified at runtime when the class is created, with behavior as
 * described below.
 *
 * A <i>proxy interface</i> is such an interface that is implemented
 * by a proxy class.
 *
 * A <i>proxy instance</i> is an instance of a proxy class.
 *
 * Each proxy instance has an associated <i>invocation handler</i>
 * object, which implements the interface {@link InvocationHandler}.
 * A method invocation on a proxy instance through one of its proxy
 * interfaces will be dispatched to the {@link InvocationHandler#invoke
 * invoke} method of the instance's invocation handler, passing the proxy
 * instance, a <code>java.lang.reflect.Method</code> object identifying
 * the method that was invoked, and an array of type <code>Object</code>
 * containing the arguments.  The invocation handler processes the
 * encoded method invocation as appropriate and the result that it
 * returns will be returned as the result of the method invocation on
 * the proxy instance.
 *
 * <p>A proxy class has the following properties:
 *
 * <ul>
 * <li>Proxy classes are public, final, and not abstract.
 *
 * <li>The unqualified name of a proxy class is unspecified.  The space
 * of class names that begin with the string <code>"$Proxy"</code>
 * should be, however, reserved for proxy classes.
 *
 * <li>A proxy class extends <code>java.lang.reflect.Proxy</code>.
 *
 * <li>A proxy class implements exactly the interfaces specified at its
 * creation, in the same order.
 *
 * <li>If a proxy class implements a non-public interface, then it will
 * be defined in the same package as that interface.  Otherwise, the
 * package of a proxy class is also unspecified.  Note that package
 * sealing will not prevent a proxy class from being successfully defined
 * in a particular package at runtime, and neither will classes already
 * defined in the same class loader and the same package with particular
 * signers.
 *
 * <li>Since a proxy class implements all of the interfaces specified at
 * its creation, invoking <code>getInterfaces</code> on its
 * <code>Class</code> object will return an array containing the same
 * list of interfaces (in the order specified at its creation), invoking
 * <code>getMethods</code> on its <code>Class</code> object will return
 * an array of <code>Method</code> objects that include all of the
 * methods in those interfaces, and invoking <code>getMethod</code> will
 * find methods in the proxy interfaces as would be expected.
 *
 * <li>The {@link Proxy#isProxyClass Proxy.isProxyClass} method will
 * return true if it is passed a proxy class-- a class returned by
 * <code>Proxy.getProxyClass</code> or the class of an object returned by
 * <code>Proxy.newProxyInstance</code>-- and false otherwise.
 *
 * <li>The <code>java.security.ProtectionDomain</code> of a proxy class
 * is the same as that of system classes loaded by the bootstrap class
 * loader, such as <code>java.lang.Object</code>, because the code for a
 * proxy class is generated by trusted system code.  This protection
 * domain will typically be granted
 * <code>java.security.AllPermission</code>.
 *
 * <li>Each proxy class has one public constructor that takes one argument,
 * an implementation of the interface {@link InvocationHandler}, to set
 * the invocation handler for a proxy instance.  Rather than having to use
 * the reflection API to access the public constructor, a proxy instance
 * can be also be created by calling the {@link Proxy#newProxyInstance
 * Proxy.newInstance} method, which combines the actions of calling
 * {@link Proxy#getProxyClass Proxy.getProxyClass} with invoking the
 * constructor with an invocation handler.
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>A proxy instance has the following properties:
 *
 * <ul>
 * <li>Given a proxy instance <code>proxy</code> and one of the
 * interfaces implemented by its proxy class <code>Foo</code>, the
 * following expression will return true:
 * <pre>
 *     <code>proxy instanceof Foo</code>
 * </pre>
 * and the following cast operation will succeed (rather than throwing
 * a <code>ClassCastException</code>):
 * <pre>
 *     <code>(Foo) proxy</code>
 * </pre>
 *
 * <li>Each proxy instance has an associated invocation handler, the one
 * that was passed to its constructor.  The static
 * {@link Proxy#getInvocationHandler Proxy.getInvocationHandler} method
 * will return the invocation handler associated with the proxy instance
 * passed as its argument.
 *
 * <li>An interface method invocation on a proxy instance will be
 * encoded and dispatched to the invocation handler's {@link
 * InvocationHandler#invoke invoke} method as described in the
 * documentation for that method.
 *
 * <li>An invocation of the <code>hashCode</code>,
 * <code>equals</code>, or <code>toString</code> methods declared in
 * <code>java.lang.Object</code> on a proxy instance will be encoded and
 * dispatched to the invocation handler's <code>invoke</code> method in
 * the same manner as interface method invocations are encoded and
 * dispatched, as described above.  The declaring class of the
 * <code>Method</code> object passed to <code>invoke</code> will be
 * <code>java.lang.Object</code>.  Other public methods of a proxy
 * instance inherited from <code>java.lang.Object</code> are not
 * overridden by a proxy class, so invocations of those methods behave
 * like they do for instances of <code>java.lang.Object</code>.
 * </ul>
 *
 * <h3>Methods Duplicated in Multiple Proxy Interfaces</h3>
 *
 * <p>When two or more interfaces of a proxy class contain a method with
 * the same name and parameter signature, the order of the proxy class's
 * interfaces becomes significant.  When such a <i>duplicate method</i>
 * is invoked on a proxy instance, the <code>Method</code> object passed
 * to the invocation handler will not necessarily be the one whose
 * declaring class is assignable from the reference type of the interface
 * that the proxy's method was invoked through.  This limitation exists
 * because the corresponding method implementation in the generated proxy
 * class cannot determine which interface it was invoked through.
 * Therefore, when a duplicate method is invoked on a proxy instance,
 * the <code>Method</code> object for the method in the foremost interface
 * that contains the method (either directly or inherited through a
 * superinterface) in the proxy class's list of interfaces is passed to
 * the invocation handler's <code>invoke</code> method, regardless of the
 * reference type through which the method invocation occurred.
 *
 * <p>If a proxy interface contains a method with the same name and
 * parameter signature as the <code>hashCode</code>, <code>equals</code>,
 * or <code>toString</code> methods of <code>java.lang.Object</code>,
 * when such a method is invoked on a proxy instance, the
 * <code>Method</code> object passed to the invocation handler will have
 * <code>java.lang.Object</code> as its declaring class.  In other words,
 * the public, non-final methods of <code>java.lang.Object</code>
 * logically precede all of the proxy interfaces for the determination of
 * which <code>Method</code> object to pass to the invocation handler.
 *
 * <p>Note also that when a duplicate method is dispatched to an
 * invocation handler, the <code>invoke</code> method may only throw
 * checked exception types that are assignable to one of the exception
 * types in the <code>throws</code> clause of the method in <i>all</i> of
 * the proxy interfaces that it can be invoked through.  If the
 * <code>invoke</code> method throws a checked exception that is not
 * assignable to any of the exception types declared by the method in one
 * of the the proxy interfaces that it can be invoked through, then an
 * unchecked <code>UndeclaredThrowableException</code> will be thrown by
 * the invocation on the proxy instance.  This restriction means that not
 * all of the exception types returned by invoking
 * <code>getExceptionTypes</code> on the <code>Method</code> object
 * passed to the <code>invoke</code> method can necessarily be thrown
 * successfully by the <code>invoke</code> method.
 *
 * @author	Peter Jones
 * @version	1.9, 01/12/03
 * @see		InvocationHandler
 * @since	JDK1.3
 */
public class Proxy implements java.io.Serializable {

    /** prefix for all proxy class names */
    private final static String proxyClassNamePrefix = "$Proxy";

    /** parameter types of a proxy class constructor */
    private final static Class[] constructorParams =
	{ InvocationHandler.class };

    /** maps a class loader to the proxy class cache for that loader */
    private static Map loaderToCache = new WeakHashMap(3);

    /** marks that a particular proxy class is currently being generated */
    private static Object pendingGenerationMarker = new Object();

    /** next number to use for generation of unique proxy class names */
    private static long nextUniqueNumber = 0;
    private static Object nextUniqueNumberLock = new Object();

    /** set of all generated proxy classes, for isProxyClass implementation */
    private static Map proxyClasses =
	Collections.synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap(3));

    /**
     * the invocation handler for this proxy instance.
     * @serial
     */
    protected InvocationHandler h;

    /**
     * Prohibits instantiation.
     */
    private Proxy() {
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new <code>Proxy</code> instance from a subclass
     * (typically, a dynamic proxy class) with the specified value
     * for its invocation handler.
     *
     * @param   h the invocation handler for this proxy instance
     */
    protected Proxy(InvocationHandler h) {
	this.h = h;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the <code>java.lang.Class</code> object for a proxy class
     * given a class loader and an array of interfaces.  The proxy class
     * will be defined in the specified class loader and will implement
     * all of the supplied interfaces.  If a proxy class for the same
     * permutation of interfaces has already been defined in the class
     * loader, then the existing proxy class will be returned; otherwise,
     * a proxy class for those interfaces will be generated dynamically
     * and defined in the class loader.
     *
     * <p>There are several restrictions on the parameters that may be
     * passed to <code>Proxy.getProxyClass</code>:
     *
     * <ul>
     * <li>All of the <code>Class</code> objects in the
     * <code>interfaces</code> array must represent interfaces, not
     * classes or primitive types.
     *
     * <li>No two elements in the <code>interfaces</code> array may
     * refer to identical <code>Class</code> objects.
     *
     * <li>All of the interface types must be visible by name through the
     * specified class loader.  In other words, for class loader
     * <code>cl</code> and every interface <code>i</code>, the following
     * expression must be true:
     * <pre>
     *     Class.forName(i.getName(), false, cl) == i
     * </pre>
     *
     * <li>All non-public interfaces must be in the same package;
     * otherwise, it would not be possible for the proxy class to
     * implement all of the interfaces, regardless of what package it is
     * defined in.
     *
     * <li>No two interfaces may each have a method with the same name
     * and parameter signature but different return type.
     *
     * <li>The resulting proxy class must not exceed any limits imposed
     * on classes by the virtual machine.  For example, the VM may limit
     * the number of interfaces that a class may implement to 65535; in
     * that case, the size of the <code>interfaces</code> array must not
     * exceed 65535.
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>If any of these restrictions are violated,
     * <code>Proxy.getProxyClass</code> will throw an
     * <code>IllegalArgumentException</code>.  If the <code>interfaces</code>
     * array argument or any of its elements are <code>null</code>, a
     * <code>NullPointerException</code> will be thrown.
     *
     * <p>Note that the order of the specified proxy interfaces is
     * significant: two requests for a proxy class with the same combination
     * of interfaces but in a different order will result in two distinct
     * proxy classes.
     *
     * @param	loader the class loader to define the proxy class in
     * @param	interfaces the list of interfaces for the proxy class
     *		to implement
     * @return	a proxy class that is defined in the specified class loader
     *		and that implements the specified interfaces
     * @throws	IllegalArgumentException if any of the restrictions on the
     *		parameters that may be passed to <code>getProxyClass</code>
     *		are violated
     * @throws	NullPointerException if the <code>interfaces</code> array
     *		argument or any of its elements are <code>null</code>
     */
    public static Class getProxyClass(ClassLoader loader, 
				      Class[] interfaces)
	throws IllegalArgumentException
    {
	Class proxyClass = null;

	/* buffer to generate string key for proxy class cache */
	StringBuffer keyBuffer = new StringBuffer();

	for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++) {
	    /*
	     * Verify that the class loader resolves the name of this
	     * interface to the same Class object.
	     */
	    Class interfaceClass = null;
	    try {
		interfaceClass =
		    Class.forName(interfaces[i].getName(), false, loader);
	    } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
	    }
	    if (interfaceClass != interfaces[i]) {
		throw new IllegalArgumentException(
		    interfaces[i] + " is not visible from class loader");
	    }

	    /*
	     * Verify that the Class object actually represents an
	     * interface.
	     */
	    if (!interfaceClass.isInterface()) {
		throw new IllegalArgumentException(
		    interfaceClass.getName() + " is not an interface");
	    }

	    // continue building string key for proxy class cache
	    keyBuffer.append(interfaces[i].getName()).append(';');
	}

	/*
	 * Using a string representation of the proxy interfaces as keys
	 * in the proxy class cache instead of a collection of their Class
	 * objects is sufficiently correct because we require the proxy
	 * interfaces to be resolvable by name through the supplied class
	 * loader, and it has a couple of advantages: matching String
	 * objects is simpler and faster than matching collections of
	 * objects, and using a string representation of a class makes
	 * for an implicit weak reference to the class.
	 */
	String key = keyBuffer.toString();

	/*
	 * Find or create the proxy class cache for the class loader.
	 */
	Map cache;
	synchronized (loaderToCache) {
	    cache = (Map) loaderToCache.get(loader);
	    if (cache == null) {
		cache = new HashMap(3);
		loaderToCache.put(loader, cache);
	    }
	    /*
	     * This mapping will remain valid for the duration of this
	     * method, without further synchronization, because the mapping
	     * will only be removed if the class loader becomes unreachable.
	     */
	}

	/*
	 * Look up the list of interfaces in the proxy class cache using
	 * the string key.  This lookup will result in one of three possible
	 * kinds of values:
	 *     null, if there is currently no proxy class for the list of
	 *         interfaces in the class loader,
	 *     the pendingGenerationMarker object, if a proxy class for the
	 *         list of interfaces is currently being generated,
	 *     or a weak reference to a Class object, if a proxy class for
	 *         the list of interfaces has already been generated.
	 */
	synchronized (cache) {
	    /*
	     * Note that we need not worry about reaping the cache for
	     * entries with cleared weak references because if a proxy class
	     * has been garbage collected, its class loader will have been
	     * garbage collected as well, so the entire cache will be reaped
	     * from the loaderToCache map.
	     */
	    do {
		Object value = cache.get(key);
		if (value instanceof Reference) {
		    proxyClass = (Class) ((Reference) value).get();
		}
		if (proxyClass != null) {
		    // proxy class already generated: return it
		    return proxyClass;
		} else if (value == pendingGenerationMarker) {
		    // proxy class being generated: wait for it
		    try {
			cache.wait();
		    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
			/*
			 * The class generation that we are waiting for should
			 * take a small, bounded time, so we can safely ignore
			 * thread interrupts here.
			 */
		    }
		    continue;
		} else {
		    /*
		     * No proxy class for this list of interfaces has been
		     * generated or is being generated, so we will go and
		     * generate it now.  Mark it as pending generation.
		     */
		    cache.put(key, pendingGenerationMarker);
		    break;
		}
	    } while (true);
	}

	try {
	    String proxyPkg = null;	// package to define proxy class in

	    /*
	     * Record the package of a non-public proxy interface so that the
	     * proxy class will be defined in the same package.  Verify that
	     * all non-public proxy interfaces are in the same package.
	     */
	    for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++) {
		int flags = interfaces[i].getModifiers();
		if (!Modifier.isPublic(flags)) {
		    String name = interfaces[i].getName();
		    int n = name.lastIndexOf('.');
		    String pkg = ((n == -1) ? "" : name.substring(0, n + 1));
		    if (proxyPkg == null) {
			proxyPkg = pkg;
		    } else if (!pkg.equals(proxyPkg)) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(
			    "non-public interfaces from different packages");
		    }
		}
	    }

	    if (proxyPkg == null) {	// if no non-public proxy interfaces,
		proxyPkg = "";		// use the unnamed package
	    }

	    {
		/*
		 * Choose a name for the proxy class to generate.
		 */
		long num;
		synchronized (nextUniqueNumberLock) {
		    num = nextUniqueNumber++;
		}
		String proxyName = proxyPkg + proxyClassNamePrefix + num;
		/*
		 * Verify that the class loader hasn't already
		 * defined a class with the chosen name.
		 */

		/*
		 * Generate the specified proxy class.
		 */
		byte[] proxyClassFile =	ProxyGenerator.generateProxyClass(
		    proxyName, interfaces);
		try {
		    proxyClass = defineClass0(loader, proxyName,
			proxyClassFile, 0, proxyClassFile.length);
		} catch (ClassFormatError e) {
		    /*
		     * A ClassFormatError here means that (barring bugs in the
		     * proxy class generation code) there was some other
		     * invalid aspect of the arguments supplied to the proxy
		     * class creation (such as virtual machine limitations
		     * exceeded).
		     */
		    throw new IllegalArgumentException(e.toString());
		}
	    }
	    // add to set of all generated proxy classes, for isProxyClass
	    proxyClasses.put(proxyClass, null);

	} finally {
	    /*
	     * We must clean up the "pending generation" state of the proxy
	     * class cache entry somehow.  If a proxy class was successfully
	     * generated, store it in the cache (with a weak reference);
	     * otherwise, remove the reserved entry.  In all cases, notify
	     * all waiters on reserved entries in this cache.
	     */
	    synchronized (cache) {
		if (proxyClass != null) {
		    cache.put(key, new WeakReference(proxyClass));
		} else {
		    cache.remove(key);
		}
		cache.notifyAll();
	    }
	}
	return proxyClass;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an instance of a proxy class for the specified interfaces
     * that dispatches method invocations to the specified invocation
     * handler.  This method is equivalent to:
     * <pre>
     *     Proxy.getProxyClass(loader, interfaces).
     *         getConstructor(new Class[] { InvocationHandler.class }).
     *         newInstance(new Object[] { handler });
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p><code>Proxy.newProxyInstance</code> throws
     * <code>IllegalArgumentException</code> for the same reasons that
     * <code>Proxy.getProxyClass</code> does.
     *
     * @param	loader the class loader to define the proxy class in
     * @param	interfaces the list of interfaces for the proxy class
     *		to implement
     * @param   h the invocation handler to dispatch method invocations to
     * @return	a proxy instance with the specified invocation handler of a
     *		proxy class that is defined in the specified class loader
     *		and that implements the specified interfaces
     * @throws	IllegalArgumentException if any of the restrictions on the
     *		parameters that may be passed to <code>getProxyClass</code>
     *		are violated
     * @throws	NullPointerException if the <code>interfaces</code> array
     *		argument or any of its elements are <code>null</code>, or
     *		if the invocation handler, <code>h</code>, is
     *		<code>null</code>
     */
    public static Object newProxyInstance(ClassLoader loader,
					  Class[] interfaces,
					  InvocationHandler h)
	throws IllegalArgumentException
    {
	if (h == null) {
	    throw new NullPointerException();
	}

	/*
	 * Look up or generate the designated proxy class.
	 */
	Class cl = getProxyClass(loader, interfaces);

	/*
	 * Invoke its constructor with the designated invocation handler.
	 */
	try {
	    Constructor cons = cl.getConstructor(constructorParams);
	    return (Object) cons.newInstance(new Object[] { h });
	} catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
	    throw new InternalError(e.toString());
	} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
	    throw new InternalError(e.toString());
	} catch (InstantiationException e) {
	    throw new InternalError(e.toString());
	} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
	    throw new InternalError(e.toString());
	}
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if and only if the specified class was dynamically
     * generated to be a proxy class using the <code>getProxyClass</code>
     * method or the <code>newProxyInstance</code> method.
     *
     * <p>The reliability of this method is important for the ability
     * to use it to make security decisions, so its implementation should
     * not just test if the class in question extends <code>Proxy</code>.
     *
     * @param	cl the class to test
     * @return  <code>true</code> if the class is a proxy class and
     *		<code>false</code> otherwise
     * @throws	NullPointerException if <code>cl</code> is <code>null</code>
     */
    public static boolean isProxyClass(Class cl) {
	if (cl == null) {
	    throw new NullPointerException();
	}

	return proxyClasses.containsKey(cl);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the invocation handler for the specified proxy instance.
     *
     * @param	proxy the proxy instance to return the invocation handler for
     * @return	the invocation handler for the proxy instance
     * @throws	IllegalArgumentException if the argument is not a
     *		proxy instance
     */
    public static InvocationHandler getInvocationHandler(Object proxy)
	throws IllegalArgumentException
    {
	/*
	 * Verify that the object is actually a proxy instance.
	 */
	if (!isProxyClass(proxy.getClass())) {
	    throw new IllegalArgumentException("not a proxy instance");
	}

	Proxy p = (Proxy) proxy;
	return p.h;
    }

    private static native Class defineClass0(ClassLoader loader, String name,
					     byte[] b, int off, int len);
}
