--- Open Books --- (請依序作答)

10% I. Briefly answeer the following questioons:
   (a) 解釋 constructor, copy constructor
   (b) 解釋 destructor
   (c) 解釋 overloading

10% II. 舉一C++程式為例說明 data hiding (information hiding)的觀念.
        要說明 private, protected, public 等屬性的用處
        以及 friend 有何用?

10% III. 考慮 C++程式, 若A是一個 class, 且已寫過 A bb;
       則 (a)  A aa= bb; 到底做何事?
          (b) 和 A aa; aa=bb; 有何不同? (考慮它們叫用的 function)
          (c) 那寫 A aa(bb); 呢?
      
10% IV. Write the makefile for the following example:
     The makefile will generate only one executable file "myprog".
     (assume the link command is:  g++ -o myprog aa.o bb.o cc.o dd.o)
     The command "make clear" will clear all obj (*.o) files.
     And "make clobber" will remove the executable file and all obj files.
     The program consists of 4 ".c" files and 5 ".h" files:
		(1) ac.h	---  included in aa.c, cc.c
		(2) b.h		---  included in bb.c
		(3) bc.h	---  included in bb.c, cc.c
		(4) bcd.h	---  included in bb.c, cc.c, dd.c
		(5) cd.h	---  included in cc.c, dd.c

20% V. Consider the following C++ program:
          #include <iostream.h>
          class A{
             public: virtual void talk(){ cout << "a"; }
          };
          class DOG: public A{
             public: void talk(){ cout << "h"; }
          };
          class CAT: public A{
             public: void talk(){ cout << "e"; }
          };
          int main(){
             A * px[7];  DOG * ppp;
             ppp = (DOG *)new A(); ppp -> talk();
             ppp = (DOG *)new DOG;   ppp -> talk();
             ppp = (DOG *)new CAT;   ppp -> talk();
             cout << "\n--..---" << endl;
             px[0] = px[2] = new DOG();
             px[1] = px[3] = new A();
             px[4] = new DOG();
             px[5] = px[6] = new CAT();
             for(int k=0; k<= 6; k++){
                px[k] -> talk();
             }
             cout << "\n==..===" << endl;
          }
   (a)What would be the output of the above C++ program?
   (b)If we remove the word "virtual" in class A, what is the output of this program?
   (c)這程式在說明 C++ 的什麼觀念?
   
10% VI. Write a C++ program that will append your name(in English) and phone number
          to the text file "classmate.dat".
          (加入一 line, 你的 name 和 phone number 間空一格)

10% VII. Describe how a STACK can be implemented as a linked list.
         Diagram the PUSH and POP operation for the linked-list implementation.
         (不用寫出程式)

20% VIII. Design and Implement a template class for QUEUE using an array.
        (寫成 C++ 的 class)
        (內部設計成 circular queue. 要包括 isempty(), isfull()等functions)