* [[https://www.learnpython.org/|learnpython.org]]
    * [[https://www.learnpython.org/en/Modules_and_Packages|Modules and Packages]]
        * module 就是一個 python 檔案，package 是一個目錄包含檔案 ''__init__.py''，目錄下可以有零到多個 module。
    * [[https://www.learnpython.org/en/Sets|Sets]]
      * set 是 list 的特化，不包含重複的元素。<code python>
a = set([1, 2, 3, 1]) # 1 不重複
</code>

  * [[https://openhome.cc/Gossip/Python/|語言技術：Python Gossip]]
    * [[https://openhome.cc/Gossip/Python/ModuleABC.html|簡介模組]]<code python>
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

def doSome(text):
    return text + '...processed...'

def main():
    fixture = 'orz'
    print(doSome(fixture))
    
if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
</code>
    * [[https://openhome.cc/Gossip/Python/NumericType.html|數值型態]]<code python>
# 將 16 進制的 a 轉成 2 進制格式，去掉開頭的 "0b"，並將剩下的字符串反向表示。
>>> bin(int("a", 16))[2:][::-1]
'0101'
</code>
    * [[https://openhome.cc/Gossip/Python/LambdaExpression.html|lambda 運算式]]<code python>
max = lambda m, n: m if m > n else n

max(1, 2)
</code>
    * [[https://openhome.cc/Gossip/Python/Class.html|定義類別]]<code python>
class Account:
    def __init__(self, number, name, balance = 0):
        self.number = number
        self.name = name
        self.balance = balance
</code>

  * [[https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/index.html|The Python Tutorial]]
    * [[https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/datastructures.html#using-lists-as-stacks|5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks]]
  * [[https://docs.python.org/2/library/index.html|The Python Standard Library]]
    * [[https://docs.python.org/2/library/string.html|7.1. string — Common string operations]]<code python>
# 可以用此來組合命令行參數。
'{2}, {1}, {0}'.format('a', 'b', 'c')
</code>
    * [[https://docs.python.org/2/library/re.html|7.2. re — Regular expression operations]]
      * [[https://docs.python.org/2/howto/regex.html#regex-howto|Regular Expression HOWTO]]
      * [[http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2014/07/advanced-python-regex/|3 Advanced Python RegEx Examples (Multi-line, Substitution, Greedy/Non-Greedy Matching in Python)]]<code python>
import re

p = re.compile(r'Hello (Kitty)')

# group(0) 代表匹配到的全部字串。
print p.match('Hello Kitty').group(0)

# group(1) 代表第一個括號內匹配到的字串。
print p.match('Hello Kitty').group(1)
</code>
    * [[https://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html|15.4. argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands]]
      * [[https://docs.python.org/2/howto/argparse.html|Argparse Tutorial]]<code bash>
$ cat samply.py
import argparse

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("target", help="the target architecture")
parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", help="increase output verbosity",
                    action="store_true")
args = parser.parse_args()
if (args.verbose):
    print "verbose: " + args.target
else:
    print args.target
$ python sample.py x86
</code>
    * [[https://docs.python.org/2/library/subprocess.html#module-subprocess|17.1. subprocess — Subprocess management]]
      * [[https://blog.aweimeow.tw/2016/09/09/python-subprocess-%E5%90%84%E5%87%BD%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E6%99%82%E6%A9%9F/|PYTHON SUBPROCESS 各函式的使用時機]]
      * [[https://imsardine.wordpress.com/tech/shell-scripting-in-python/|Shell Scripting in Python]]<code python>
#!/usr/bin/env python
import subprocess

# 命令執行完之後才會返回。返回 return code。 
retcode = subprocess.call('ls -l'.split())

# retcode 非 0 時，丟出異常。只需要返回值的時候適用。
try:
    retcode = subprocess.check_call('exit 1', shell=True)
except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
    print e
    
# retcode 非 0 時，丟出異常。返回 stdout。命令行有 pipe，改以直接調用 shell 執行。
try:
    stdout = subprocess.check_output('ls -l | wc -l; exit 0', shell=True)
except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
    print e
    
# 不用 shell=True，改以 Popen 達成 pipe 效果。前述函式最終皆是調用 Popen。以 ls 的輸出當作 wc 的輸入。
ls = subprocess.Popen('ls -l'.split(), stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
wc = subprocess.Popen('wc -l'.split(), stdin=ls.stdout, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
# communicate 傳回 stdout 和 stderr。這裡只取 stdout。
print(wc.communicate()[0])

wc = subprocess.Popen('wc -l'.split(), stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
print(wc.communicate(input='\n\n\n')[0])
</code>
        * [[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13332268/python-subprocess-command-with-pipe|Python subprocess command with pipe]]
====== 外部連結 ======
  * [[https://www.python.org/|Python]]
  * [[http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/thinkpython.pdf|Think Python]]